RULE 1"Documented / formal X" = a piece of paper.
PMI worships documents. Any phrase with "documented", "formal", or ending in "plan / register / charter / case / report" is asking about a PAPER, not an activity. First question: which paper?
"Documented economic feasibility study" → the money-argument paper → business case.
RULE 2Read noun stacks BACKWARDS.
"Organizational process assets" — start at the end: assets (stuff) → process (how-we-work) → organizational (the company's). = "the company's existing how-we-do-things stuff."
"Work performance data" → data (numbers) → work performance (from doing the work) = raw numbers straight off the job.
RULE 3Swap the Latin verb for the baby verb.
authorize=allow · validate=check it's what the customer wanted · verify=check it's built right · facilitate=help happen · elaborate=add detail as you learn · expedite=hurry it up · procure=buy
"Progressively elaborated" = the plan gets more detailed as you learn more. That's it.
RULE 4The WHEN tells you the WHAT.
Before the project exists → business case, benefits plan, charter. While running → management plans, work data, change control. Measuring after → benefits realization, lessons learned, final report.
Question smells like "is it worth starting?" → business case. Smells like "did we get what we paid for?" → benefits management plan.
RULE 5Same-sounding options split by SCOPE.
Project = one endeavor · Program = related projects managed together · Portfolio = ALL the company's bets. If two options differ only in these words, ask: one thing, a family of things, or everything?
PMO types escalate by grip: Supportive suggests → Controlling checks → Directive drives.
RULE 6Two near-twins? Find the split word.
data vs information (raw vs analyzed) · quality vs grade (meets requirements vs feature level) · validate vs verify (customer vs spec) · risk vs issue (might happen vs already happening) · crashing vs fast-tracking (add people vs overlap tasks)
The exam LIVES on these pairs. When stuck, find the one word the options disagree on and decode only that.